Goldstein SA, D’Ottavio A, Spears T, Chiswell K, Hartman RJ, Krasuski RA, et al. Causes of death and cardiovascular
comorbidities in adults with congenital heart disease. Journal of the American Heart Association. 2020;9(14):1-8.
https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.119.016400.
2. Lipshultz SE, Law YM, Asante-Korang A, Austin ED, Dipchand AI, Everitt MD, et al. Cardiomyopathy in children:
classification and diagnosis: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2019;140(1):e9-e68.
https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000682.
3. Mensah GA, Roth GA, Fuster V. The global burden of cardiovascular diseases and risk factors: 2020 and beyond. J
American College of Cardiology Foundation Washington; 2019; 74(20). 2529-32. https://www.jacc.org/doi/full/10.1016/j.
jacc.2019.10.009
4. Komalasari R, Nurjanah MMY. Quality of life of people with cardiovascular disease: a descriptive study. Asian/Pacific
Island Nursing Journal. 2019;4(2):92-96. doi: 10.31372/20190402.1045.
5. Wu G-Q, Arzeno NM, Shen L-L, Tang D-K, Zheng D-A, Zhao N-Q, et al. Chaotic signatures of heart rate variability and
its power spectrum in health, aging and heart failure. PLoS One. 2009;4(2):1-9. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0004323.
6. North BJ, Sinclair DA. The intersection between aging and cardiovascular disease. Circulation research.
2012;110(8):1097-108. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.111.246876.
7. Obas V, Vasan RS. The aging heart. Clinical Science. 2018;132(13):1367-82. doi: 10.1042/CS20171156.
8. Shih H, Lee B, Lee RJ, Boyle AJ. The aging heart and post-infarction left ventricular remodeling. Journal of the
American College of Cardiology. 2011;57(1):9-17. doi/abs/10.1016/j.jacc.2010.08.623.
9. Gao J, Feng W, Lv W, Liu W, Fu C. HIF-1/AKT signaling-activated PFKFB2 alleviates cardiac dysfunction and
cardiomyocyte apoptosis in response to hypoxia. International Heart Journal. 2021;62(2):350-8. https://doi.org/
10.1536/ihj.20-315.
10. Liu M, Galli G, Wang Y, Fan Q, Wang Z, Wang X, et al. Novel therapeutic targets for hypoxia-related cardiovascular
diseases: the role of HIF-1. Frontiers in Physiology. 2020;11:1-8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2020.00774.
11. Cerychova R, Pavlinkova G. HIF-1, metabolism, and diabetes in the embryonic and adult heart. Frontiers in
Endocrinology. 2018;9(1):1-14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2018.00460.
12. Haidarpour S, Ghahremani M, Hosseinpour Delavar S. The Effect of Eight Weeks of Moderate-Intensity Endurance
Training on the Expression of HIF-1 and VEGF Genes in the Heart Muscle of Male Rats with Myocardial Infarction.
Armaghane Danesh. 2021;26(4):624-33. doi: 10.52547/armaghanj.26.4.1.624.[In Persian]
13. Yeo H-S, Lim J-Y. Effects of different types of exercise training on angiogenic responses in the left ventricular muscle of aged rats. Experimental gerontology. 2022;158:111650. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exger.2021.111650.
14. Gustafsson T, Kraus WE. Exercise-induced angiogenesis-related growth and transcription factors in skeletal muscle, and their modification in muscle pathology. Frontiers in Bioscience-Landmark. 2001;6(3):75-89. file:///C:/Users/1673/
Downloads/LandmarkA595.pdf
15. Marneros AG. Effects of chronically increased VEGF‐A on the aging heart. The FASEB Journal. 2018;32(3):1550-65.
https://doi.org/10.1096/fj.201700761RR.
16. Shadmehri S, Ahmadi M. The Effect of Concurrent Endurance and Resistance Exercise on Plasma Levels of Vascular
Endothelial Growth Factor and Endostatin in Inactive Women. Report of Health Care. 2016;2(1):38-45. https://jrhc.
marvdasht.iau.ir/article_2794_5b3443401dbf5b0ce57d4e5b4f098aa2.pdf.
17. Laufs U, Werner N, Link A, Endres M, Wassmann S, Jürgens K, et al. Physical training increases endothelial progenitor
cells, inhibits neointima formation, and enhances angiogenesis. Circulation. 2004;109(2):220-6.https://doi.org/10.1161/
01.CIR.0000109141.48980.37.
18. Rehman J, Li J, Parvathaneni L, Karlsson G, Panchal VR, Temm CJ, et al. Exercise acutely increases circulating
endothelial progenitor cells and monocyte-/macrophage-derived angiogenic cells. Journal of the American College of
Cardiology. 2004;43(12):2314-8.doi/abs/10.1016/j.jacc.2004.02.049.
19. Semsarian C, Wu M-J, Ju Y-K, Marciniec T, Yeoh T, Allen DG, et al. Skeletal muscle hypertrophy is mediated by a
Ca2+-dependent calcineurin signalling pathway. Nature. 1999;400(6744):576-81. https://doi.org/10.1038/23054.
20. Musarò A, McCullagh KJ, Naya FJ, Olson EN, Rosenthal N. IGF-1 induces skeletal myocyte hypertrophy through
calcineurin in association with GATA-2 and NF-ATc1. Nature. 1999;400(6744):581-5.https://doi.org/10.1038/23060.
21. Rothermel BA, McKinsey TA, Vega RB, Nicol RL, Mammen P, Yang J, et al. Myocyte-enriched calcineurin-interacting
protein, MCIP1, inhibits cardiac hypertrophy in vivo. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2001;98(6):3328-33.
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.041614798.
22. Khan MA, Hashim MJ, Mustafa H, Baniyas MY, Al Suwaidi SKBM, AlKatheeri R, et al. Global epidemiology of
ischemic heart disease: results from the global burden of disease study. Cureus. 2020;12(7) 1-9.
23. Le HM, Downey BC, Lanois CJ, Miller PE, Stein CJ, Kerkhof DL, et al. Comparison of the limb-lead Electrocardiogram
to the 12-lead Electrocardiogram for identifying conditions associated with sudden cardiac death in youth athletes. The
American Journal of Cardiology. 2021;152:146-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2021.04.030.
24. Twig G, Yaniv G, Levine H, Leiba A, Goldberger N, Derazne E, et al. Body-mass index in 2.3 million adolescents and
cardiovascular death in adulthood. New England journal of medicine. 2016;374(25):2430-40. doi :10.1056/NEJMoa1503840.
25. Kim H-J, So B, Son JS, Song HS, Oh SL, Seong JK, et al. Resistance training inhibits the elevation of skeletal muscle
derived-BDNF level concomitant with improvement of muscle strength in zucker diabetic rat. Journal of exercise nutrition & biochemistry. 2015;19(4):281-288. doi: 10.5717/jenb.2015.15112402.
26. Pourheydar B, Biabanghard A, Azari R, Khalaji N, Chodari L. Exercise improves aging-related decreased angiogenesis
through modulating VEGF-A, TSP-1 and p-NF-Ƙb protein levels in myocardiocytes. Journal of Cardiovascular and
Thoracic Research. 2020;12(2):129-135. doi :10.34172/jcvtr.2020.21.
27. Lähteenvuo J, Rosenzweig A. Effects of aging on angiogenesis. Circulation research. 2012;110(9):1252-64.
https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.111.246116.
28. Gustafsson T, Bodin K, Sylven C, Gordon A, Tyni‐Lenne R, Jansson E. Increased expression of VEGF following
exercise training in patients with heart failure. European journal of clinical investigation. 2001;31(4):362-6.https://doi.org/
10.1046/j.1365-2362.2001.00816.x.
29. Husain K. Physical conditioning modulates rat cardiac vascular endothelial growth factor gene expression in nitric oxidedeficient hypertension. Biochemical and biophysical research communications. 2004;320(4):1169-74.https://doi.org/
10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.06.058.
30. Bloor C, Leon A. Interaction of age and exercise on the heart and its blood supply. Laboratory Investigation.
1970;22(2):160-5.
31. Tomanek RJ. Effects of age and exercise on the extent of the myocardial capillary bed. The Anatomical Record.
1970;167(1):55-62. https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091670106.
32. Dimmeler S, Fleming I, Fisslthaler B, Hermann C, Busse R, Zeiher AM. Activation of nitric oxide synthase in
endothelial cells by Akt-dependent phosphorylation. Nature. 1999;399(6736):601-5.https://doi.org/10.1038/21224.
33. Fulton D, Gratton J-P, McCabe TJ, Fontana J, Fujio Y, Walsh K, et al. Regulation of endothelium-derived nitric oxide
production by the protein kinase Akt. Nature. 1999;399(6736):597-601.https://doi.org/10.1038/21218.
34. Morbidelli L, Chang C-H, Douglas JG, Granger HJ, Ledda F, Ziche M. Nitric oxide mediates mitogenic effect of VEGF
on coronary venular endothelium. American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology. 1996;270(1):H411-
H5.https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1996.270.1.H411.
35. Gavin TP, Spector DA, Wagner H, Breen EC, Wagner PD. Nitric oxide synthase inhibition attenuates the skeletal muscle
VEGF mRNA response to exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology. 2000;88(4):1192-8.https://doi.org/10.1152/
jappl.2000.88.4.119.
36. Shweiki D, Itin A, Soffer D, Keshet E. Vascular endothelial growth factor induced by hypoxia may mediate hypoxiainitiated angiogenesis. Nature. 1992;359(6398):843-5.https://doi.org/10.1038/359843a0.
37. J Patterson A, Zhang L. Hypoxia and fetal heart development. Current molecular medicine. 2010;10(7):653-66.
38. Iemitsu M, Maeda S, Jesmin S, Otsuki T, Miyauchi T. Exercise training improves aging-induced downregulation of
VEGF angiogenic signaling cascade in hearts. American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology.
2006;291(3):H1290-H8.https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00820.2005.
39. Zheng J, Zhang M, Weng H. Induction of the mitochondrial NDUFA4L2 protein by HIF-1a regulates heart regeneration
by promoting the survival of cardiac stem cell. Biochemical and biophysical research communications. 2018;503(4):2226-
33.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.06.142.
40. He Y, Munday JS, Perrott M, Wang G, Liu X. Association of age with the expression of hypoxia-inducible factors HIF1α, HIF-2α, HIF-3α and VEGF in lung and heart of tibetan sheep. Animals. 2019;9(9):673.https://doi.org/
10.3390/ani9090673.
41. Rohrbach S, Simm A, Pregla R, Franke C, Katschinski DM. Age-dependent increase of prolyl-4-hydroxylase domain
(PHD) 3 expression in human and mouse heart. Biogerontology. 2005;6(3):165-71.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10522-005-7950-
9.
42. Arabzadeh E, Norouzi Kamareh M, Ramirez‐Campillo R, Mirnejad R, Masti Y, Shirvani H. Twelve weeks of treadmill
exercise training with green tea extract reduces myocardial oxidative stress and alleviates cardiomyocyte apoptosis in aging
rat: The emerging role of BNIP3 and HIF‐1α/IGFBP3 pathway. Journal of Food Biochemistry. 2022:
e14397.https://doi.org/10.1111/jfbc.14397.
43. Parra V, Rothermel BA. Calcineurin signaling in the heart: The importance of time and place. Journal of molecular and
cellular cardiology. 2017;103:121-36.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yjmcc.2016.12.006.
44. Cardenas ME, Muir RS, Breuder T, Heitman J. Targets of immunophilin‐immunosuppressant complexes are distinct
highly conserved regions of calcineurin A. The EMBO journal. 1995;14(12):2772-83.https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1460-
2075.1995.tb07277.x.
45. Liu J, Farmer Jr JD, Lane WS, Friedman J, Weissman I, Schreiber SL. Calcineurin is a common target of cyclophilincyclosporin A and FKBP-FK506 complexes. Cell. 1991;66(4):807-15.https://doi.org/10.1016/0092-8674(91)90124-H.
46. Fruman DA, Pai S-Y, Klee CB, Burakoff SJ, Bierer BE. Measurement of calcineurin phosphatase activity in cell extracts.
Methods. 1996;9(2):146-54.https://doi.org/10.1006/meth.1996.0020.
47. Yang J, Rothermel B, Vega RB, Frey N, McKinsey TA, Olson EN, et al. Independent signals control expression of the
calcineurin inhibitory proteins MCIP1 and MCIP2 in striated muscles. Circulation research. 2000;87(12):e61-e8.
https://doi.org/10.1161/01.RES.87.12.e61.