Smiley-Oyen AL LK, Francois SJ, Kohut ML, Ekkekakis P. Exercise, fitness, and neurocognitive function in older adults:
The “selective improvement” and “cardiovascular fitness” hypotheses. Annals of Behavioral Medicine. 2008;36(3):280–
91. doi: 10.1007/s12160-008-9064-5.
2. Erickson KI VM, Prakash RS, Basak C, Szabo A, Chaddock L, KimJS & et al. Exercise training increases size of
hippocampus and improves memory. Proceeding of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.
2011;108(7):3017–22. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1015950108.
3. Ahmadiasl NAH, H€anninen O. Effect of exercise on learning, memory and levels of epinephrine in rats’ hippocampus.
Journal of Sports Science and Medicine. 2003;2(3):106–9. doi: 24627662/8753-90760.
4. Muller PTM, Muller NG. Physical exercise as personalized medicine for dementia prevention? Frontiers in Physiology.
2019;10:672. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00672.
5. Clark REBN, Squire LR. Hippocampus and remote spatial memory in rats. Hippocampus. 2005;15(2):260–72.
doi: 10.1002/hipo.20056.
6. Cotman CWCC, Berchtold NC. Exercise: a behavioral intervention to enhance brain health and plasticity. Trends Neurosci. 2005;25(6):295–301. doi: 10.1016/s0166-2236(02)02143-4
7. AkaN M. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor is critically involved in thermal-experience-dependent developmental
plasticity. The Journal of Neuroscience. 2006;26(15):3899-907. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0371-06.2006.
8. Rasmussen P BP, Adser H, Pedersen MV, Leick L, Hart E, Secher NH &et al. Evidence for a release of brain-derived
neurotrophic factor from the brain during exercise. Experimental Physiology. 2009;4(10):1062–9.
doi: 10.1113/expphysiol.2009.048512.
9. Bostrom PWJ, Jedrychowski MP, Korde A, Ye L, Lo JC & et al. A PGC1-alpha-dependent myokine that drives brownfat-like development of white fat and thermogenesis. Nature 2012;481:463–8. doi: 10.1038/nature10777.
10. Gur FMT S, Yalcin MH, Girgin A, GencerTarakci B. Immunohistochemical localization of irisin in mole rats
(Spalaxleucodon). Biotech Histochem. 2017;92: 245–51. doi: 10.1080/10520295.2017.1303194.
11. Piya MKH, Sivakumar K, Tripathi G, Voyias PD, James S, Sabico S& et al. The identification of irisin in human
cerebrospinal fluid: Influence of adiposity, metabolic markers, and gestational diabetes. American Journal of Physiology
Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2014(306): 512–8. doi: 10.1152/ajpendo.00308.2013.
12. Wrann CDW JP, Salogiannnis J. Exercise induces hippocampal BDNF through a PGC-1alpha/FNDC5 pathway. Cell
Metabolism. 2013;18:649–59. doi: 10.1016/j.cmet.2013.09.008.
13. Forouzanfar MRF, Ghaedi K, Beheshti S, Tanhaei S, ShoarayeNejati A, JodeiriFarshbaf M & et al. Fndc5 overexpression
facilitated neural differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells. Cell Biology International. 2015;39:629–37.
doi: 10.1002/cbin.10427.
14. Moon HSDF, Mantzoros, CS. Pharmacological concentrations of irisin increase cell proliferation without influencing
markers of neurite outgrowth and synaptogenesis in mouse H19-7 hippocampal cell lines. Metabolism. 2013;62:1131–6.
doi: 10.1016/j.metabol.2013.04.007.
15. Murawska-Cialowicz EW, Zuwala-Jagiello J, Feito Y, Petr M, Kokstejn J, Stastny P & et al. Effect of HIIT with tabata
protocol on serum irisin, physical performance, and body composition in men. International Journal of Environmental
Research and Public Health. 2020;17:3589. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17103589.
16. Tsuchiya YA, Takamatsu K, Goto K. Resistance exercise induces a greater irisin response than endurance exercise.
Metabolism. 2015;64:1042–50. doi: 10.1016/j.metabol.2015.05.010.
17. Li DJL YH, Yuan HB, Qu LF, Wang P. The novel exercise-induced hormone irisin protects against neuronal injury via
activation of the Akt and ERK1/2 signaling pathways and contributes to the neuroprotection of physical exercise in cerebral
ischemia. Metabolism. 2017;68:31–42. doi: 10.1016/j.metabol.2016.12.003.
18. De Oliveira Bristot VJdBA AC, Cardoso LR, Da Luz Scheffer D, Aguiar AS. The role of PGC-1/UCP2 signaling in the
beneficial effects of physical exercise on the brain. Frontiers in Neuroscience. 2019;13:292. doi: 10.3389/fnins.
2019.00292.
19. Shams S, Rajabi H, Suzuki K. Swimming in cold water upregulates genes involved in thermogenesis and the browning of white adipose tissues. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. 2023;Part B 265:110834. doi: 10.1016/j.cbpb.
2023.110834.
20. McNamara RK SR. The neuropharmacological and neurochemical basis of place learning in the Morris water maze. Brain
Research Reviews. 1993;18(1):33-49. doi: 10.1016/0165-0173(93)90006-l.
21. D’Hooge R DDP. Applications of the Morris water maze in the study of learning and memory. Brain Research Reviews.
2001;36(1):60-90. doi: 10.1016/s0165-0173(01)00067-4.
22. N GMSMAHN. Isolation of neural stem and progenitor cells from the adult mouse brain using the neurosphere assay.
Journal of Ardanil university of medical sciences. 2013;11(3):246-58. http://jarums.arums.ac.ir/article-1-174-en.html.
23. Spaniol J. Event-related fMRI studies of episodic encoding and retrieval: Meta-analyses using activation likelihood
estimation. Neuropsychologia. 2009;47:1765–79. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.02.028.
24. Bherer LE KI, Liu-Ambrose, T. A Review of the effects of physical activity and exercise on cognitive and brain functions
in older adults. Journal of Aging Research. 2013;2013:1-8. doi: 10.1155/2013/657508.
25. Zahra Mirakhori FM. The effect of regular exercise on cognitive function and irisin expression. sport physiology &
management investigations. 2023;15(3):159-70. [doi:10.22034/SPMI.2023.191101] [In Persian].
26. Petzinger GMF, Holschneider DP, Wood R, Walsh JP, Lund B, Meshul C & Eet al. The role of exercise in facilitating
basal ganglia function in Parkinson’s disease. Neurodegeneativer Disease Management. 2011;1:157-70.
doi: 10.2217/nmt.11.16.
27. Park HP. Neurotrophin regulation of neural circuit development and function. Nature reviews Neuroscience. 2013;14(7-
23). doi: 10.1038/nrn3379.
28. Christopher W. Collins RJS, Matthew W. S. Heesch, and Dustin R. Slivka. The effect of environmental temperature on
exercise-dependent release of brain-derived neurotrophic factor. TEMPERATURE. 2017;4(3):305–13. doi: 10.1080/
23328940.2017.1328304.
29. Wrann CD WJ, Salogiannnis J, Laznik-Bogoslavski D, Wu J, Ma D, Lin JD, Greenberg ME, Spiegelman BM. . Exercise
induces hippocampal BDNF through a PGC-1alpha/ FNDC5 pathway. Cell Metabolism. 2013;18(5):649–59.
doi: 10.1016/j.cmet.2013.09.008.
30. Cotman CWB, Christie LA. Exercise builds brain health: Key roles of growth factor cascades and inflammation. Trends
Neurosci. 2007;30:464–72. doi: 10.1016/j.tins.2007.06.011.
31. Qin WSL, Cao J, Peng Y, Collier L, Wu Y, Creasey G & et al. The central nervous system (CNS)-independent anti-boneresorptive activity of muscle contraction and the underlying molecular and cellular signatures. Journal of Bioogicall
Chemistry. 2013;288:13511–21. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M113.454892.
32. Chang WTL, Tang Y, Ahmad S, Zhang H, Yap PT, Giovanello KS & et al. Brain wide functional networks associated
with anatomically- and functionally-defined hippocampal subfields using ultrahigh-resolution fMRI. Scientific Reports.
2021;11:10835. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-90364-7.
33. Norris D. Short-term memory and long-term memory are still different. Psychological Bulletin. 2017;143:992–1009.
doi: 10.1037/bul0000108.
34. Hashemi MSG, Salamian A, Karbalaie K, Emadi-Baygi M, Tanhaei S, Nasr-Esfahani MH & et al. Fndc5 knockdown
significantly decreased neural differentiation rate of mouse embryonic stem cells. Neuroscience. 2013;231:296–304.
doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.11.041.
35. Choi SHB, Chatila ZK, Lee SW, Pulli B, Clemenson GD, Kim E & et al. Combined adult neurogenesis and BDNF mimic
exercise effects on cognition in an Alzheimer’s mouse model. Science. 2018;36:eaan8821. doi: 10.1126/science.aan8821.
36. Schnyder SHC. Skeletal muscle as an endocrine organ: PGC-1, myokines and exercise. Bone. 2015;80:115–25.
doi: 10.1016/j.bone.2015.02.008.
37. Lourenco MVR, Sudo FK, Drummond C, Assunção N, Vanderborght B, Tovar-Moll F. Matto Cerebrospinal fluid irisin
correlates with amyloid, BDNF, and cognition in Alzheimer’s disease. Dement Diagn Assess Dis Monit. 2020;12:e12034.
doi: 10.1002/dad2.12034.
38. Pesce ILFM, Paolucci T, Grilli A, Patruno A, Agostini F, Bernetti A & et al. From exercise to cognitive performance: role
of irisin. Applied Sciences. 2021;11(7120):1-15. doi: 10.3390/app11157120.