1. Cummings JL, Cole G. Alzheimer disease. Jama. 2002;287(18):2335-8. [https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.287.18.2335]
2. Noura M, Arshadi S, Zafari A, Banaeyfar A. Effect of endurance training with royal jelly on crp gene expression in muscle tissue of rats with alzheimer’s disease. Middle East Journal of Rehabilitation and Health Studies. 2020;7(1). [https://doi.org/10.5812/mejrh.99754]
3. Kim OY, Song J. The role of irisin in Alzheimer’s disease. Journal of clinical medicine. 2018;7(11):407. [https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm7110407]
4. Zvěřová M. Clinical aspects of Alzheimer's disease. Clinical biochemistry. 2019;72:3-6. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2019.04.015]
5. Rahmati MR, Kordi MR, Ravasi AA. Effect of six weeks forced and voluntary training before EAE induction on the expression of some adhesive molecules affecting the blood-brain barrier permeability. Journal of Sport and Exercise Physiology. 2022;15(1):57-68. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yexcr.2006.04.012]
6. Meng Q, Lin M-S, Tzeng I-S. Relationship between exercise and Alzheimer’s disease: A narrative literature review. Frontiers in neuroscience. 2020;14:131. [https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2020.00131]
7. Jia R-x, Liang J-h, Xu Y, Wang Y-q. Effects of physical activity and exercise on the cognitive function of patients with Alzheimer disease: a meta-analysis. BMC geriatrics. 2019;19(1):1-14. [https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-019-1175-2]
8. Ströhle A, Schmidt DK, Schultz F, Fricke N, Staden T, Hellweg R, et al. Drug and exercise treatment of Alzheimer disease and mild cognitive impairment: a systematic review and meta-analysis of effects on cognition in randomized controlled trials. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. 2015;23(12):1234-49. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jagp.2015.07.007]
9. Salehpoor M, Nourshahi M, Khodagholi F, Rajabi H. Effect of eight weeks endurance training and nNOS inhibition on skeletal muscle nicotinic acetylcholine receptors level in old rats. Sport Physiology. 2015;7(26):81-96. [20.1001.1.2322164.1394.7.26.5.7] [In Persian]
10. Romanello V. The interplay between mitochondrial morphology and myomitokines in aging sarcopenia. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2020;22(1):91. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2008.02.007]
11. Tournadre A, Vial G, Capel F, Soubrier M, Boirie Y. Sarcopenia. Joint bone spine. 2019;86(3):309-14. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbspin.2018.08.001]
12. Karim A, Iqbal MS, Muhammad T, Ahmad F, Qaisar R. Elevated plasma zonulin and CAF22 are correlated with sarcopenia and functional dependency at various stages of Alzheimer’s diseases. Neuroscience Research. 2022;184:47-53. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neures.2022.08.004]
13. Johann K, Kleinert M, Klaus S. The Role of GDF15 as a Myomitokine. Cells. 2021;10(11):2990. [https://doi.org/10.3390/cells10112990] [In Persian]
14. Kleinert M, Clemmensen C, Sjøberg KA, Carl CS, Jeppesen JF, Wojtaszewski JF, et al. Exercise increases circulating GDF15 in humans. Molecular metabolism. 2018;9:187-91. [doi.org/10.1016/j.molmet.2017.12.016]
15. Ost M, Igual Gil C, Coleman V, Keipert S, Efstathiou S, Vidic V, et al. Muscle‐derived GDF15 drives diurnal anorexia and systemic metabolic remodeling during mitochondrial stress. EMBO reports. 2020;21(3):e48804. [https://doi.org/10.15252/embr.201948804]
16. Conte M, Giuliani C, Chiariello A, Iannuzzi V, Franceschi C, Salvioli S. GDF15, an emerging key player in human aging. Ageing Research Reviews. 2022:101569. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yexcr.2006.04.012]
17. Wu P-F, Zhang X-H, Zhou P, Yin R, Zhou X-T, Zhang W. Growth differentiation factor 15 is associated with Alzheimer’s disease risk. Frontiers in Genetics. 2021;12:700371. [https://doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2021.700371]
18. McGrath ER, Himali JJ, Levy D, Conner SC, DeCarli C, Pase MP, et al. Growth Differentiation Factor 15 and NT‐proBNP as Blood‐Based Markers of Vascular Brain Injury and Dementia. Journal of the American Heart Association. 2020;9(19):e014659. [https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.119.014659]
19. Kim DH, Lee D, Lim H, Choi SJ, Oh W, Yang YS, et al. Effect of growth differentiation factor-15 secreted by human umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells on amyloid beta levels in in vitro and in vivo models of Alzheimer's disease. Biochemical and biophysical research communications. 2018;504(4):933-40. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.09.012]
20. Elkina Y, von Haehling S, Anker SD, Springer J. The role of myostatin in muscle wasting: an overview. Journal of cachexia, sarcopenia and muscle. 2011;2(3):143-51. [https://doi.org/10.1007/s13539-011-0035-5]

21.White TA, LeBrasseur NK. Myostatin and sarcopenia: opportunities and challenges-a mini-review. Gerontology. 2014;60(4):289-93. [https://doi.org/10.1159/000356740]

22.Hittel DS, Axelson M, Sarna N, Shearer J, Huffman KM, Kraus WE. Myostatin decreases with aerobic exercise and associates with insulin resistance. Medicine and science in sports and exercise. 2010;42(11):2023. [https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0b013e3181e0b9a8]

23. Lin Y-S, Lin F-Y, Hsiao Y-H. Myostatin is associated with cognitive decline in an animal model of Alzheimer’s disease. Molecular neurobiology. 2019;56:1984-91. [https://doi.org/10.1007/s12035-018-1201-y]
24. Nishikawa R, Fukuda T, Haruyama A, Shibasaki I, Yamaguchi S, Arikawa T, et al. Association between serum GDF-15, myostatin, and sarcopenia in cardiovascular surgery patients. IJC Heart & Vasculature. 2022;42:101114. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcha.2022.101114]
25. Rolland Y, van Kan GA, Vellas B. Physical activity and Alzheimer's disease: from prevention to therapeutic perspectives. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association. 2008;9(6):390-405. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2008.02.007]
26. Valenzuela PL, Castillo-García A, Morales JS, de la Villa P, Hampel H, Emanuele E, et al. Exercise benefits on Alzheimer’s disease: State-of-the-science. Ageing research reviews. 2020;62:101108. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arr.2020.101108]
27. Sadegh Ghomi M, Kashef M, Salehpour M. The effect of eight weeks resistance and endurance trainhttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.arr.2020.101108ing on some angiogenesis factors of hippocampus tissue in male wistar rats. Journal of Sport and Exercise Physiology. 2021;14(2):45-54. [10.52547/joeppa.14.2.45] [In Persian]
28. Klein AB, Kleinert M, Richter EA, Clemmensen C. GDF15 in appetite and exercise: essential player or coincidental bystander? Endocrinology. 2022;163(1):bqab242. [https://doi.org/10.1210/endocr/bqab242]
29. Qin F, Dong Y, Wang S, Xu M, Wang Z, Qu C, et al. Maximum oxygen consumption and quantification of exercise intensity in untrained male Wistar rats. Scientific Reports. 2020;10(1):11520. [10.1038/s41598-020-68455-8]
30. Pattanashetti LA, Taranalli AD, Parvatrao V, Malabade RH, Kumar D. Evaluation of neuroprotective effect of quercetin with donepezil in scopolamine-induced amnesia in rats. Indian Journal of Pharmacology. 2017;49(1):60. [10.4103/0253-7613.201016]

31.Williams CJ, Gurd BJ, Bonafiglia JT, Voisin S, Li Z, Harvey N, et al. A multi-center comparison of O2peak trainability between interval training and moderate intensity continuous training. Frontiers in physiology. 2019;10:19. [https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2019.00019]

32. Feter N, Spanevello RM, Soares MSP, Spohr L, Pedra NS, Bona NP, et al. How does physical activity and different models of exercise training affect oxidative parameters and memory? Physiology & behavior. 2019;201:42-52. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.12.002]
33. Yuede CM, Zimmerman SD, Dong H, Kling MJ, Bero AW, Holtzman DM, et al. Effects of voluntary and forced exercise on plaque deposition, hippocampal volume, and behavior in the Tg2576 mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiology of disease. 2009;35(3):426-32. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nbd.2009.06.002]
34. Kim M, Walston JD, Won CW. Associations between elevated growth differentiation factor-15 and sarcopenia among community-dwelling older adults. The Journals of Gerontology: Series A. 2022;77(4):770-80. [https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glab201]
35. Conte M, Giuliani C, Chiariello A, Iannuzzi V, Franceschi C, Salvioli S. GDF15, an emerging key player in human aging. Ageing research reviews. 2022;75:101569. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arr.2022.101569]
36. Morley JE. Sarcopenia in the elderly. Family practice. 2012;29(suppl_1):i44-i8. [https://doi.org/10.1093/fampra/cmr063]
37. Conte M, Martucci M, Mosconi G, Chiariello A, Cappuccilli M, Totti V, et al. GDF15 plasma level is inversely associated with level of physical activity and correlates with markers of inflammation and muscle weakness. Frontiers in immunology. 2020;11:915. [https://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.00915]
38. Rodriguez J, Vernus B, Chelh I, Cassar-Malek I, Gabillard J-C, Hadj Sassi A, et al. Myostatin and the skeletal muscle atrophy and hypertrophy signaling pathways. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences. 2014;71:4361-71. [https://doi.org/10.1007/s00018-014-1689-x]
39. Ko IG, Jeong JW, Kim YH, Jee YS, Kim SE, Kim SH, et al. Aerobic exercise affects myostatin expression in aged rat skeletal muscles: a possibility of antiaging effects of aerobic exercise related with pelvic floor muscle and urethral rhabdosphincter. International neurourology journal. 2014;18(2):77. [10.5213/inj.2014.18.2.77]
40. Gupta R, Khan R, Cortes CJ. Forgot to exercise? Exercise derived circulating myokines in alzheimer's disease: a perspective. Frontiers in Neurology. 2021;12:649452. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.12.002]
41. Adams JD. Probable causes of Alzheimer’s disease. Sci. 2021;3(1):16. [https://doi.org/10.3390/sci3010016]