Journal of Sports and Biomotor Sciences

Journal of Sports and Biomotor Sciences

The Comparison of 12 weeks of Flat and double Pyramid Resistance Training With and Without HMB Supplementation on Follistatin to myostatin Ratio, IGF-1 and Body composition non-Athlete Men

Document Type : Original Article

Authors
Sadegh Gholami
rambood khajei
Ameneh Barjaste yazdi
mohammadreza hosseinabadi
Department of Physical education , Neyshabur Branch, Islamic Azad University, Neyshabur, Iran.
10.22034/sbs.2024.453618.1094
Abstract
Introduction and Purpose: Various strategies have been utilized by researchers to improve physical condition and muscle growth in non-athletes. Resistance training, as the primary exercise method that enhances anabolic hormones and promotes muscle growth, has been extensively studied. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the effect of two training methods, flat-pyramid and double-pyramid, on the follistatin-to-myostatin ratio and IGF-1 in non-athletic men.
Materials and methods: This study was semi-experimental. The sample consisted of 30 non-athletic men aged 18 to 25 years with a body mass index (BMI) of 18–25 kg/m². The training protocol for the flat-pyramid and double-pyramid groups was conducted over twelve weeks, with three to five sessions per week. In the flat-pyramid model, participants performed each exercise in seven training sets after a warm-up. The double-pyramid group followed the same exercises but performed them in eight consecutive sets. Blood samples (10 cc) were collected from the cubital vein before and after the study to assess hormonal levels. Repeated measures analysis was used for statistical analysis at a significance level of P<0.05.
Results: he results indicated that 12 weeks of flat-pyramid and double-pyramid training led to a significant increase in the follistatin-to-myostatin ratio and IGF-1 compared to the control group (P<0.05); however, the difference between the two training groups was not statistically significant (P>0.05).
Discussion and Conclusion: Implementing resistance training protocols based on pyramid models, regardless of the specific pyramid type, can enhance anabolic hormones and muscle growth in non-athletic individuals living under stressful conditions.
Keywords
Flat-pyramid training
Double-pyramid training
Follistatin
Myostatin
IGF-1

Subjects

  1. Nastaran M, Mirzaei B, Rahmani-Nia F. Comparing effect of 1- and 3-minutes rest intervals between sets and exercises of weight training on muscular damage and sustainability of repetition in consecutive sets in untrained young men. Journal of Metabolism and Exercise. 2013; 3(1): 71-87.doi:https://jme.guilan.ac.ir/ html?lang=en]. doi:In Persian]
  2. Cook CJ, Kilduff LP, Beaven CM. Improving strength and power in trained athletes with 3 weeks of occlusion training. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance. 2014; 9(1): 166-72. doi:1123/ijspp.2013-0018.
  3. Cooper A, Lamb M, Sharp SJ, Simmons R, Griffin S. Bidirectional association between physical activity and muscular strength in older adults: Results from the UK Biobank study. International Journal of Epidemiology. 2017; 46(1): 141-8. doi:1093/ije/dyw054.
  4. Chan ASM, McGregor NE, Poulton IJ, Hardee JP, Cho EH, Martin TJ, et al. Bonr geometry is altered by follistatin-induced muscle growth in young adult male mice. Journal Bone and Mineral Research . 2021; 5(4): e10477. doi:1002/jbm4.10477.
  5. Cook SB, Brown KA, DeRuisseau KC, Kanaley JA, Ploutz-Snyder LL. Skeletal muscle adaptations following blood flow restricted training during 30 days of muscular unloading. Journal of Applied Physiology. 2010; 10(4):1086-97.doi: 1152/japplphysiol.01288.2009 .
  6. Wagner KR. The elusive promise of myostatin inhibition for muscular dystrophy. Current Opinion in Neurology. 2020; 33(5): 621-628. doi:1097/WCO.0000000000000853 .
  7. Larson C, Oronsky B, Carter CA, Oronsky A, Knox SJ, Sher D, et al. TGF-beta: a master immune regulator. Expert Opin Ther Targets. 2020; 24(5): 427-438. doi:1080/14728222.2020.1744568.
  8. Diel P, Schiffer T, Geisler S, Hertrampf T, Mosler S, Schulz S, et al. Analysis of the effects of androgens and training on myostatin propeptide and follistatin concentrations in blood and skeletal muscle using highly sensitive immuno PCR. Molecular and cellular endocrinology. 2010; 330(1): 1-9. doi:1016/j.mce. 2010.08.015.
  9. Asad MR, Morsali M, Vasaghi Gharamaleki B. The effect of 8 weeks of resistance training and HMB supplementation on serum myostatin level in non-athlete men. Journal of Sport Biosciences. 2014; 6(3): 351-363. doi:10.22059/jsb.2014.51995. [In Persian].
  10. Bagheri L, Faramarzi M, Banitalebi E, Azamian Jazi A. The effect of sequence order of combined training (strength and endurance) on myostatin, follistatin and follistatin/myostatin ratio in older women. Sport physiology. 2014; 7(26): 143-64. .https://spj.ssrc.ac.ir/article_482.html?lang=en. [In Persian]
  11. Jiang Q, Lou K, Hou L, Lu Y, Sun L, Tan SC, et al. The effect of resistance training on serum insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1): a systemic review and meta-analysis. Complementary therapies in medicine, 2020; 50, 102360.doi: 1016/j.ctim.2020.102360 .
  12. Blazevic AJ, Wilson CJ, Alcarraz PE, Rubio-Arias JA. Effets of resistance training movement pattern and velocity on isometric muscular rate of force development: a systematic review with meta-analysis and meta-regression. Sports Medicine. 2020; 50(5), 943-963. doi: 1007/s40279-019-01239-x .
  13. Mohammadi M, Siavoshy H, Rahimi SGH. Comparison of the effect of two selected resistance training patterns on some physical and physiological factors of elite freestyle wrestler young boys. National Journal of Physiology Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 2018; 8(2): 278-284. .doi:5455/njppp.2017.7. 1040508112017.
  14. Cattan GH. Pyramidal systems in resistance training. Encyclopedia. 2021; 1: 423–432. doi:10.3390/ encyclopedia1020035.
  15. Schoenfeld BJ. The mechanisms of muscle hypertrophy and their application to resistance training. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 2010; 249(10): 2857-72. doi:10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181e840f3.
  16. Reiss D, Prévost P. La Bible de la Préparation physique—1re edition: Le guide scientifique et pratique pour tous; Amphora: Paris, France, ISBN. 2016; 978-2-7576-0124-2. https://cospo.uosamarra.edu.iq/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/La-bible-de-la-preparation-physique.pdf.
  17. Sonksen PH, Holt RIG, Böhning W, Guha N, Cowan DA, Bartlett C, Böhning D. Why do endocrine profiles in elite athletes differ between sports? Clinical Diabetes and Endocrinology. 2018; 4: 3. doi:1186/s40842-017-0050-3 .
  18. Ribeiro AS, Schoenfeld BJ, Fleck SJ, Pina FL, Nascimento MA, Cyrino ES. Effects of traditional and pyramidal resistance training systems on muscular strength, muscle mass, and hormonal responses in olderwomen: a randomized crossover trial. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 2017; 31: 1888–1896. doi:1519/JSC.0000000000001653].
  19. Dos santos L, Ribeiro AS, Nunes JP, Tomeleri CM, Nabuco HCG, Nascimento MA, et al. Effects of pyramid resistance-training system with different repetition zones on cardiovascular risk factors in older women: A randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(17): 6115. doi:3390/ijerph17176115.
  20. Hosseino F, Mohebbi H, Rahmani nia F, Damirchi A. Comparison between flat and double pyramid resistance training protocols on physical fitness and anthropometric measures in elite young soccer players. Journal of Metabolism and Exercise. 2012; 2(1). doi:https://jme.guilan.ac.ir/article_673.html?lang=en. [In Persian]
  21. Lee S-J. Quadrupling muscle mass in mice by targeting TGF-ß signaling pathways. 2007; PloS one. 2(8): p. e789. doi: 1371/journal.pone.0000789.
  22. Schumann C, Nguyen DX, Norgard M, Bortnyak Y, Korzun T, Chan S, et al. Increasing lean muscle mass in mice via nanoparticle-mediated hepatic delivery of follistatin mRNA. 2018; 8(19), 5276. doi: 10.7150/thno.27847.
  23. Cunha PM, Nunes JP, Tomeleri CM, Nascimento MA ,  Schoenfeld BJ , Antunes M, et al. Resistance training performed with single and multiple sets induced similar improvements in nuscular strength, muscle mass, muscle quality, and IGF-1 in older women: a randomized controlled trial. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 2020; 34(4), 1008-1016. doi:10.1519/JSC.0000000000002847.
  24. Mafi F, Biglari S, Ghardashi A, Gaeini AA. Improvement in skeletal muscle strength and plasma levels of follistatin and myostatin induced by an 8-week resistance training and epicatechin supplementation in sarcopenic older adults. Journal of Aging and Physical Activity. 2019; 27(3), 384-391. doi:1123/japa.2017-0389. [In Persian].
  25. Schiaffino S, Dyar KA, Ciciliot S, Blaauw B, Sandri Mechanisms regulating skeletal muscle growth and atrophy. Federation of European Biochemical Societies Journal. 2013; 280(17): p. 4294-4314 .doi: 10.1111/ febs.12253.
  26. McCroskery S, Maxwell L,  Sharma M,  Kambadur R. Myostatin negatively regulates satellite cell activation and self-renewal. Journal of Cell Biology. 2003; 162(6): 1135-1147. doi:1083/jcb.200207056 .
  27. Schoenfeld BJ, Wilson JM, Lowery RP, Krieger JW. Muscular adaptations in low-versus high-load resistance training: a meta-analysis. European Journal of Sport Science. 2016; 16(1): 1-10. doi:1080/17461391. 2014.989922 .
  28. Bruusgaard JC, Johansen IB, Egner IM, Rana ZA, Gundersen K. Myonuclei acquired by overload exercise precede hypertrophy and are not lost on detraining. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2010; 107(34): 15111-6. doi:1073/pnas.0913935107 .
  29. Tagawa R, Watanabe D, Ito K, Ueda K, Nakayama K, Sanbongi C, et al. Dose-response relationship between protein intake and muscle mass increase: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomizecontrolled trials. ILSI's Nutrition Reviews Journal. 2020; 79(1): 66-75. doi:1093/nutrit/nuaa104.
  30. Laurentino GC, Ugrinowitsch C, Roschel H, Aoki MS, Soares AG, Neves Jr M, et al. Strength training with blood flow restriction diminishes myostatin gene expression. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 2012; 44(3): 406-12. doi:1249/MSS.0b013 e318233b4bc.
  31. Angleri V, DE Oliveira R, Biazon T, Damas F, Borghi-Silva A, Barroso R, et al. Effects of drop-set and pyramidal resistance training systems on microvascular oxygenation: a near-inftrared spectroscopy approach. International Journal of Exercise Science. 2020; 13(2): 1549-1562. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/ articles/PMC7745902/pdf/ijes-13-2-1549.pdf.
Journal of Sports and Biomotor Sciences
Volume 16, Issue 32
March 2025
Pages 28-38

  • Receive Date 22 April 2024
  • Revise Date 03 October 2024
  • Accept Date 06 October 2024